Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s recent warning to Pakistan has intensified the spotlight on India’s robust counter-terrorism measures, notably Operation Sindoor. This comprehensive military response underscores India’s unwavering commitment to national security and its proactive stance against cross-border terrorism.

PM Modi’s Stern Warning to Pakistan

During a rally in Bhuj, Gujarat, PM Modi addressed the people of Pakistan, urging them to choose peace over terrorism. He stated, “Live a life of peace and happiness and eat bread… otherwise, my bullets are always there.” He emphasized that continued support for terrorism would invite a strong Indian response, referencing Operation Sindoor’s success in targeting terrorist bases.

PM Modi further asserted that Pakistan’s actions are no longer viewed as mere “proxy wars” but as deliberate strategies to target India. This marks a significant shift in India’s perception of cross-border hostilities. (The Economic Times)

In retaliation to the April 22 Pahalgam terrorist attack, which claimed 26 lives, India launched Operation Sindoor on May 7, 2025. This swift and strategic operation targeted nine terror camps across Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, including locations in Muzaffarabad, Bahawalpur, and Sialkot. Over a span of 25 minutes, the Indian Armed Forces executed 24 precision missile strikes, resulting in the elimination of approximately 70 terrorists and injuring over 60 others. (Vajiram and Ravi, www.ndtv.com)

The operation was meticulously planned and executed, utilizing real-time intelligence and advanced weaponry to ensure minimal collateral damage. It marked a significant escalation in India’s counter-terrorism strategy, demonstrating a shift from reactive to proactive measures.(Vajiram and Ravi)

Following Operation Sindoor, Pakistan attempted retaliatory strikes using drones and missiles targeting Indian military installations across Northern and Western India. However, India’s Integrated Counter-UAS Grid and Air Defence systems effectively neutralized these threats, intercepting 413 Pakistani drones and several missiles. This robust defense mechanism safeguarded critical infrastructure and civilian areas, showcasing India’s advanced technological capabilities in aerial defense. (India Today, The Times of India)

The recent conflict has highlighted the increasing reliance on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in modern warfare. Both India and Pakistan have accelerated their drone procurement and development programs, signaling a new arms race in the region. India plans to invest up to $470 million in UAVs over the next two years, alongside a $4.6 billion emergency military procurement push. (Reuters)

In light of heightened security concerns, India temporarily suspended civil flight operations at 32 airports, primarily located near the India-Pakistan border. This precautionary measure aimed to ensure the safety of civilians and prevent potential disruptions during military operations. (The Indian Express)

PM Modi’s unequivocal stance and the execution of Operation Sindoor signify a pivotal moment in India’s national security policy. The shift from a reactive to a proactive approach in counter-terrorism reflects India’s resolve to deter future threats and maintain regional stability.

As tensions persist, the international community continues to monitor the situation closely, emphasizing the importance of diplomatic engagement and conflict resolution to prevent further escalation.

 

Public opinion on the caste census in India is multifaceted, reflecting a spectrum of perspectives influenced by social, political, and regional factors.

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Support for the Caste Census

Broad Public Backing: A nationwide survey conducted by the Data Action Lab for Emerging Societies (DALES) revealed that 62% of respondents across 20 states support the caste census, while 19% oppose it. Support is particularly strong among marginalized communities, including Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs). (The Wire)

Political Endorsements: Leaders across the political spectrum have expressed support. Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized that the caste enumeration initiative aims to integrate marginalized communities into mainstream society and make them central to developmental policies. Similarly, Haryana Chief Minister Nayab Singh Saini praised the initiative as a visionary move toward achieving social justice. (@EconomicTimes)

Advocacy for Social Justice: Proponents argue that the caste census is essential for identifying and addressing disparities in representation and resource allocation. For instance, OBCs constitute nearly 52% of India’s population but hold only 27% of reservations in jobs and education, highlighting the need for accurate data to inform equitable policies. (www.ndtv.com)

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Concerns and Opposition

Potential for Division: Critics worry that emphasizing caste identities might exacerbate social divisions. Some argue that the caste census could hinder efforts to create a more united society due to political and logistical challenges. (The Statesman)

Data Accuracy and Implementation Issues: Concerns have been raised about the accuracy of caste data and the methodologies employed. For example, the 2022 Bihar caste-based survey faced criticism for alleged inaccuracies and underrepresentation of certain castes, leading to debates about the reliability of such data. (Wikipedia)

Political Motivations: Some view the push for a caste census as politically motivated, aimed at garnering support from specific voter bases. This perspective suggests that the initiative may be more about electoral gains than genuine social reform.

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Regional Variations in Opinion

Strong Support in Certain States: States like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Gujarat, Odisha, and Maharashtra exhibit high support for the caste census, with over 75% of respondents in favor in some areas. (The Wire)

Mixed Reactions in Others: In contrast, states such as Assam, Kerala, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal show more divided opinions, with support for the caste census falling below 50% in these regions. (The Wire)

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Conclusion

The caste census in India is a subject of significant public interest and debate. While many see it as a necessary step toward social justice and equitable policy-making, others express concerns about its potential to deepen societal divisions and question the motivations behind its implementation. The discourse reflects India’s complex social fabric and the ongoing challenges in balancing equity, unity, and political considerations.

Indian politicians hold a range of perspectives on the caste census, reflecting diverse ideological positions and strategic considerations. Here’s an overview of key viewpoints:

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Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and National Democratic Alliance (NDA)

Historically, the BJP exhibited reluctance toward conducting a caste census. However, recent developments indicate a strategic shift. In May 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized that the caste enumeration initiative aims to integrate marginalized communities into mainstream society and make them central to developmental policies. (@EconomicTimes, ThePrint, @EconomicTimes)

Haryana Chief Minister Nayab Singh Saini praised this move, calling it a visionary step toward achieving social justice and inclusive development. (The Times of India)

Despite this shift, some BJP leaders have accused the Congress of politicizing the issue. BJP chief JP Nadda stated that while the party is not against conducting a caste census, the Congress seeks to divide the country through such measures. (@EconomicTimes, www.ndtv.com)

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the BJP’s ideological parent, has expressed that while a caste census can be useful for welfare activities, it should not be exploited for electoral gains. (India Today)

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Indian National Congress and INDIA Alliance

The Congress party has been a vocal proponent of the caste census. Rahul Gandhi has emphasized that such an exercise is essential for effective policymaking and ensuring equitable representation. The party’s 2024 manifesto pledged to conduct a comprehensive caste census and to legislate the removal of the 50% cap on reservations for SC, ST, and backward classes. (www.ndtv.com, Wikipedia)

At a rally in Jharkhand, Congress leaders credited Rahul Gandhi for compelling the central government to conduct a caste census by persistently advocating for OBC rights. (The Times of India)

In July 2023, a coalition of 26 opposition parties, including the Congress, resolved to conduct a caste census, asserting their commitment to social justice and equitable development. (The Hindu)

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Regional Parties and State Leaders

Several regional parties have also expressed strong support for the caste census:

• Nitish Kumar (Janata Dal-United): The Bihar Chief Minister has been a consistent advocate for the caste census, stating that it will reveal the number of people of different classes, aiding in their upliftment. (ThePrint)
• H. Anjaneya (Former Karnataka Minister): He emphasized the need for internal reservations within SC communities and credited Rahul Gandhi’s advocacy for prompting the Prime Minister to agree to a caste census. (The Times of India)
• Tamil Nadu Parties (DMK, VCK, PMK): These parties have leveraged the move to press for increased reservations based on population data, advocating for proportional reservations for Scheduled Castes and Tribes. (The Times of India)

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Critics and Cautionary Voices

While many support the caste census, some voices urge caution:(India Today)

• Upendra Kushwaha: Initially a supporter, he later criticized the Bihar caste survey as manipulated, alleging inaccuracies and calling for the socio-economic profile data to be made public. (Wikipedia)
• RSS: As mentioned, the organization supports the caste census for welfare purposes but warns against its use for political campaigning. (India Today)

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In summary, the caste census has garnered support across various political spectrums, with proponents viewing it as a tool for social justice and equitable policy formulation. However, concerns about potential politicization and data accuracy persist among certain leaders and organizations.

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The 1911 Census: Introduction of the “Ten Tests” for Identifying ‘Untouchables’

In an effort to systematically identify and enumerate communities considered ‘Untouchable,’ the 1911 Census introduced a set of ten criteria, commonly referred to as the “Ten Tests.” These tests aimed to delineate ‘Untouchables’ from other Hindu castes based on religious practices, social interactions, and ritual status. The criteria included:(Mooknayak, surajyengde.com, Manupatra)

1. Denial of the supremacy of Brahmins.
2. Absence of initiation (Mantra) from recognized Hindu gurus.
3. Rejection of the authority of the Vedas.
4. Non-worship of major Hindu deities.
5. Exclusion from services by ‘good’ Brahmins.
6. Lack of Brahmin priests.
7. Denial of access to the inner sanctums of Hindu temples.
8. Association with pollution, either by touch or proximity.
9. Practice of burying the dead instead of cremation.
10. Consumption of beef and lack of reverence for the cow.(surajyengde.com, Manupatra)

These tests were applied inconsistently across regions, leading to conflations between economically or educationally disadvantaged groups and those subjected to social untouchability. This lack of uniform application resulted in skewed data and misrepresentations of certain communities. (Mooknayak)

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Distinction Between ‘Untouchables’ and ‘Caste Hindus’

The 1911 Census’s categorization efforts highlighted a significant distinction between ‘Untouchables’ and ‘Caste Hindus.’ While ‘Caste Hindus’ encompassed the traditional varna hierarchy—Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras—’Untouchables’ were positioned outside this framework, often subjected to systemic social exclusion and discrimination. This differentiation was not merely social but also had political implications.(Manupatra, Janata Weekly)

For instance, in 1910, Muslim leaders submitted a memorandum to the British government, advocating for the separation of ‘Untouchables’ from the Hindu population in political representations. They argued that ‘Untouchables’ should not be counted within the Hindu fold, thereby affecting the allocation of political representation and resources. (Mooknayak, surajyengde.com)

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Implications and Legacy

The 1911 Census’s approach to caste categorization had lasting impacts on Indian society and its understanding of social hierarchies. By institutionalizing the concept of ‘Untouchability’ through official enumeration, the census reinforced social divisions and provided a framework that influenced subsequent policies and social reforms.(Mooknayak)

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a prominent social reformer and architect of the Indian Constitution, utilized data from the 1911 Census to advocate for the rights and representation of marginalized communities. The census’s findings underscored the need for affirmative action and legal protections for those subjected to systemic discrimination.

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In summary, the 1911 Census’s introduction of the “Ten Tests” for identifying ‘Untouchables’ marked a significant moment in colonial India’s engagement with caste. While aiming for systematic classification, the census’s methodologies and their inconsistent application highlighted the complexities and sensitivities involved in categorizing diverse communities. The legacy of these classifications continues to influence discussions on caste, identity, and social justice in contemporary India.(Mooknayak)

1931 Caste Census of India

The 1931 Census of India stands as the last comprehensive enumeration of caste across the country, offering invaluable insights into the social fabric of pre-independence India. Conducted under the supervision of Census Commissioner J.H. Hutton, this census has since served as a foundational reference for understanding caste dynamics and informing policy decisions.(Business Standard)

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Key Findings of the 1931 Caste Census

1. Caste Demographics

The census identified 4,147 distinct castes across British India. Notably, it estimated that Other Backward Classes (OBCs) constituted approximately 52% of the total population, which was around 271 million at the time. This statistic later became pivotal for the Mandal Commission in 1980, which recommended a 27% reservation for OBCs in government jobs and educational institutions—a policy implemented in 1990. (Wikipedia, India TV News)

2. Population Distribution by Major Castes

The census provided detailed population figures for major caste groups:

• Brahmins: Over 15 million
• Jatavs: Approximately 12.3 million
• Rajputs: Around 8.1 million
• Kunbis: About 6.4 million
• Yadavs (Ahirs): Roughly 5.7 million
• Telis: Approximately 4.3 million
• Gwalas: Around 4 million

 

3. Literacy Rates by Caste

The census highlighted significant disparities in literacy rates among different castes. For instance, in the United Provinces (present-day Uttar Pradesh):

• Kayasthas: Male literacy at 70%; female literacy at 19%
• Brahmins: Male literacy at 29%; female literacy at 3%
• Vaishyas: Male literacy at 38%; female literacy at 6%
• Sayyids: Male literacy at 38%; female literacy at 9%
• Bhumihars: Male literacy at 31%; female literacy at 3%(Wikipedia)

 

4. Sex Ratio Disparities

The census revealed notable variations in sex ratios among different communities:(The Indian Express)

• Rajputs: Lowest sex ratio at 798 females per 1,000 males
• Jats: Sex ratio at 805
• Gujars: Sex ratio at 832
• Bengali Brahmins: Sex ratio at 847
• Muslim Sayyids: Sex ratio at 884
• Nayars (Kerala): Highest sex ratio at 1,154(The Indian Express)

The census attributed these disparities more to the neglect of female children than to practices like infanticide. (The Indian Express)

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Methodological Approach and Challenges

Transition from Varna to Occupational Classification

Previous censuses, notably the 1901 Census under H.H. Risley, attempted to classify castes based on the varna system, leading to widespread dissatisfaction and social unrest. In response, the 1931 Census shifted to an occupational classification system to avoid reinforcing hierarchical biases. However, this approach faced challenges:(The Indian Express)

• Regional Variations: The social status associated with certain occupations varied across regions. For example, cultivation was esteemed in northern India but linked to ‘exterior’ castes in parts of southern India.
• Fluid Caste Identities: Communities often changed their caste affiliations between censuses to seek higher social status, complicating consistent classification.
• Inconsistent Nomenclature: The same caste might be known by different names in various regions, leading to difficulties in standardization.(The Indian Express)

 

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Historical Significance and Legacy

The 1931 Caste Census remains a cornerstone in India’s socio-political landscape:

• Policy Formulation: Its data underpinned the Mandal Commission’s recommendations, leading to significant affirmative action policies for OBCs.
• Understanding Social Dynamics: The census provides a snapshot of pre-independence India’s complex caste structures, informing contemporary debates on social justice and representation.(The Times of India)

Post-independence, the Indian government discontinued comprehensive caste enumeration in censuses, with the exception of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. While the 2011 Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) collected caste data, it was not released publicly due to concerns over data accuracy and potential social repercussions. (fortuneiascircle.com, Acqias)

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Accessing the Full 1931 Census Report

For an in-depth exploration, the complete 1931 Census report is available through the Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India:

• 1931 Census Report – Part I, Volume I

This comprehensive document encompasses detailed statistics on population distribution, literacy, occupation, religion, caste, tribe, and more across British India.

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Caste Census of Indian States

The Uppara community, also known as Sagara in some regions, is a Hindu caste predominantly found in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Traditionally, they have been involved in occupations such as stonecutting, tank-digging, earth-working, and salt extraction from rocks—a practice that influenced their name, as “uppu” means salt in Telugu and Kannada .(Wikipedia)

Classification and Socio-Economic Status

The Upparas are classified as an Other Backward Class (OBC) in India, a designation that acknowledges their historical socio-economic disadvantages and qualifies them for certain affirmative action benefits .(Wikipedia)

In Karnataka, recent caste census data has shed light on the community’s socio-economic standing. The Uppara community has been identified as the most socio-economically disadvantaged among 22 specific communities in the OBC and general list, with a backwardness score of 134.88 out of 200 . Their population in the state is approximately 856,815, accounting for about 1.43% of Karnataka’s total population .(Threads, The New Indian Express)

Caste Census and Policy Implications

The Indian government’s decision to include caste details in the upcoming national census marks a significant move toward understanding and addressing the needs of various communities, including the Upparas. This comprehensive data collection aims to inform equitable policy-making and welfare schemes for marginalized groups .(AP News, Wikipedia)

In Karnataka, the caste census has already influenced policy discussions, with the introduction of a new classification system that includes Category 1A for communities like the Upparas . Such classifications are expected to play a crucial role in the allocation of resources and implementation of targeted development programs.(Hindustan Times)

Cultural and Regional Variations

The Uppara community is known by various names across different regions, reflecting a rich tapestry of cultural and linguistic diversity. In addition to “Sagara,” other synonyms include Beldar, Lonari, and Uppiliyan, among others . These variations often correspond to regional languages and occupational specializations.(Wikipedia)

Conclusion

The Uppara community’s classification as an OBC and their identification as one of the most socio-economically disadvantaged groups in Karnataka underscore the importance of targeted policies and programs. The forthcoming national caste census is anticipated to provide further insights, enabling more effective strategies to promote social equity and development for the Upparas and similar communities.(Wikipedia)

Caste Census of Indigenous Assamese Muslim and Bengali Speaking Muslim

The Assam government has initiated a caste-based census focusing on seven indigenous Muslim communities to distinguish them from Bengali-speaking Muslims, often perceived as migrants from Bangladesh. This move aims to recognize and preserve the unique cultural identities of these indigenous groups.(The Times of India, Organiser)

Indigenous Assamese Muslim Communities

The seven indigenous Muslim communities identified for the caste census are:

• Goria
• Moria
• Deshi
• Syed
• Jolha (Julha)
• Kiren
• Ujani

These communities have deep-rooted histories in Assam, with some tracing their lineage back to the 13th century. For instance, the Deshi community is believed to descend from Ali Mech, a native leader during Bakhtiyar Khalji’s Tibet campaign in 1205. The Jolha community, originally weavers, migrated to Assam during the Ahom dynasty and later under British colonial rule. They are now recognized as part of the More Other Backward Classes (MOBC) and share cultural similarities with the Tea Tribe community of Assam. (Wikipedia, Wikipedia)

Bengali-speaking Muslims in Assam

Bengali-speaking Muslims, often referred to as “Miya” Muslims, are descendants of migrants from regions like Rangpur, Rajshahi, and Cumilla during British colonial times. They primarily reside in the Brahmaputra Valley and constitute a significant portion of Assam’s Muslim population. The term “Miya” has been reappropriated by the community, especially through “Miya poetry,” to assert their cultural identity and address socio-political challenges. (Wikipedia)

Purpose of the Caste Census

The caste census aims to:(The Times of India)

• Accurately document the socio-economic status of indigenous Muslim communities.
• Differentiate indigenous groups from migrant populations to ensure targeted welfare schemes.
• Preserve the unique cultural and linguistic identities of these communities.(Telegraph India)

Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma emphasized that this initiative responds to the long-standing demand of indigenous Muslims for official recognition and aims to fulfill their aspirations. (@EconomicTimes)

This move has been met with support from indigenous Muslim groups who believe it will help protect their identity amid the growing population of Bengali-speaking Muslims. (Deccan Herald)

However, some critics argue that the census could further marginalize Bengali-speaking Muslims by reinforcing divisions based on origin. The Assam government maintains that the primary objective is to ensure equitable development and representation for all communities.

For more detailed information, you can refer to the official announcement by CM Himanta Biswa Sarma on X (formerly Twitter).(X (formerly Twitter))

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The Murshidabad violence of April 2025 was a significant communal unrest in West Bengal, triggered by protests against the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025. The disturbances led to fatalities, injuries, property damage, and widespread displacement.(Wikipedia)

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 Background and Trigger

The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, enacted by the central government, aimed to reform the administration of Waqf properties. Critics, particularly from Muslim communities in West Bengal, viewed the law as an infringement on religious autonomy, leading to protests in Murshidabad district. Initially peaceful, these demonstrations escalated into violent clashes.(Wikipedia, The Times of India)

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Timeline of Events

• April 8, 2025: Protests in Umarpur, Jangipur subdivision, escalated into violence. Demonstrators blocked National Highway 12, clashed with police, and set vehicles on fire. (India Today)
• April 11–12, 2025: Violence intensified in Betbona village, with mobs targeting Hindu homes. A Calcutta High Court-appointed committee reported that police were “completely inactive and absent” during these attacks. (The Times of India)
• April 12, 2025: Two members of a Hindu family were killed in a targeted attack. The violence resulted in the destruction of shops and temples within a 300-meter radius of the local police station. (www.ndtv.com)
• April 14, 2025: A 17-year-old, Izaz Ahmed Sheikh, was shot during the unrest. (Wikipedia)

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Impact and Response

• Casualties: Three fatalities and over ten injuries were reported.(Wikipedia)
• Arrests: More than 274 individuals were arrested, and 60 FIRs were lodged. (Wikipedia)
• Displacement: Over 400 people, including women and children, fled from affected areas and took shelter in neighboring Malda district. (Wikipedia)
• Property Damage: Numerous Hindu homes were marked with black ink before being bombed and set on fire. (OpIndia)
• Security Measures: The Calcutta High Court directed the deployment of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) in the district to restore order. (@EconomicTimes)

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Investigations and Findings

• Calcutta High Court Panel: A fact-finding report revealed that Bengal Police were “completely inactive and absent” during targeted mob attacks in Murshidabad’s Betbona. (The Times of India)
• Governor’s Report: West Bengal Governor C.V. Ananda Bose submitted a report to the Union Ministry of Home Affairs, highlighting concerns about rising radicalization and communal instability in the region. (Wikipedia)

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Political Reactions

• BJP: Criticized the Mamata Banerjee-led Trinamool Congress (TMC) government, alleging involvement in the violence and accusing the administration of inaction. (The Times of India)
• TMC: Blamed “outsiders” for orchestrating the violence and criticized the Border Security Force (BSF) for firing during the incident. (@EconomicTimes)

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Implications

The Murshidabad violence has intensified communal tensions in West Bengal, drawing national attention. The incident has become a focal point in the lead-up to the 2026 West Bengal Assembly elections, with political parties leveraging the unrest to galvanize support. (The Wire)

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The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025

The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, enacted in India, introduces significant reforms to the management and governance of Waqf properties. These properties, which include land and assets dedicated for religious, charitable, or pious purposes under Islamic law, have been subject to various administrative challenges. The amendment aims to address these issues by enhancing transparency, accountability, and inclusivity in Waqf administration.(Wikipedia)

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Key Provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025

1. Centralized Digital Registration

The Act mandates the digitization and centralized registration of all Waqf properties within six months. This initiative aims to rectify historical issues of mismanagement and opacity in Waqf administration. By creating a centralized digital portal, the government seeks to facilitate real-time monitoring, prevent unauthorized transactions, and ensure that revenue generated from Waqf properties is used exclusively for community welfare. (Wikipedia)

2. Abolition of ‘Waqf by User’ Doctrine

The amendment abolishes the ‘waqf-by-user’ doctrine, which previously allowed properties to be considered Waqf if they had been used for religious purposes over time, even without formal documentation. This change aims to provide legal clarity and prevent unlawful claims on properties. (Wikipedia)

3. Inclusion of Non-Muslim Members in Waqf Boards

The Act introduces provisions for the representation of non-Muslim members on Waqf Boards. This move is intended to promote inclusivity and ensure diverse perspectives in the governance of Waqf properties. However, this provision has been a point of contention, with critics arguing that it undermines the religious autonomy of these boards. (Wikipedia)

4. Gender Representation and Women’s Empowerment

The Act introduces provisions for the representation of Muslim women on Waqf Boards, aligning with constitutional commitments to equality and justice. It also supports welfare measures including scholarships for girls, vocational training, self-help groups, and legal aid services. These initiatives seek to empower Muslim women, particularly widows and divorcees, by enhancing their participation in community governance and promoting financial independence. (Wikipedia)

5. Protection and Reclamation of Encroached Waqf Assets

According to data from the Waqf Assets Management System of India (WAMSI), nearly 58,898 Waqf properties have been unlawfully occupied. The amendment introduces stricter legal measures for the recovery of encroached lands and empowers district collectors to enforce these provisions. These steps are aimed at restoring Waqf properties for their intended charitable and community-oriented purposes. (Wikipedia)

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Legal Challenges and Opposition

The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, has faced significant opposition from various Muslim organizations and political parties. Critics argue that the Act infringes upon religious freedoms and the constitutional rights of Muslims. Key points of contention include:(Wikipedia, The Times of India)

• Religious Autonomy: The inclusion of non-Muslim members in Waqf Boards is seen as an infringement on the religious autonomy guaranteed under Article 26 of the Indian Constitution. (PRS Legislative Research)
• ‘Waqf by User’ Doctrine: The abolition of the ‘waqf-by-user’ doctrine is viewed as arbitrary and disproportionately impacts Muslim endowments, violating Articles 14 and 25 of the Constitution. (Supreme Court Observer)
• Government Oversight: The empowerment of district collectors to determine ownership of disputed Waqf properties raises concerns about potential misuse of power and political interference. (Wikipedia)

Several petitions have been filed in the Supreme Court challenging the constitutional validity of the Act. The Court has reserved its judgment after hearing arguments from both the petitioners and the central government. (LawChakra)

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Conclusion

The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, represents a significant shift in the governance of Waqf properties in India. While the Act aims to enhance transparency, accountability, and inclusivity, it has also sparked considerable debate regarding its impact on religious autonomy and constitutional rights. The ongoing legal challenges will likely shape the future of Waqf administration in the country.(Wikipedia, Vajiram & Ravi)

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Detailed Report on the Targeting of Hindus During the Murshidabad Riots (April 2025)

The Murshidabad riots, which erupted in April 2025 in West Bengal, have been marked by significant violence against the Hindu community. A fact-finding report by a Calcutta High Court-appointed committee has highlighted the systematic targeting of Hindu individuals and properties during the unrest.

Key Findings from the Report

• Targeted Attacks on Hindu Properties: The committee’s report indicates that Hindu homes and businesses were selectively marked and attacked. In some areas, properties were marked with black ink before being looted and set on fire. For instance, in the Samserganj and Betbona regions, Hindu-owned establishments were specifically targeted, leading to widespread destruction. (OpIndia, www.ndtv.com)
• Police Inaction: The report criticizes the local police for their inactivity during the attacks. It notes that law enforcement personnel were “completely inactive and absent” during the targeted assaults, allowing mobs to operate unchecked.
• Political Involvement: The committee’s findings suggest that local political leaders may have played a role in inciting the violence. Specific individuals have been named in the report, raising questions about the involvement of political figures in the unrest. (The Indian Express)
• Displacement of Hindu Families: As a result of the violence, numerous Hindu families have been displaced. Reports indicate that over 500 individuals fled their homes in fear of further attacks, seeking refuge in neighboring areas.

Political Reactions

• BJP’s Allegations: The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has accused the ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC) of orchestrating the violence to target the Hindu community. They have called for accountability and further investigation into the matter.
• TMC’s Defense: In contrast, the TMC has denied any involvement in the violence. They have suggested that the unrest was instigated by external elements and have criticized the BJP for politicizing the issue. (The Sunday Guardian Live)

Ongoing Developments

The situation in Murshidabad remains tense, with continued calls for justice and accountability. The Calcutta High Court has directed the continuation of central force deployment in the district to maintain order and prevent further violence. (@EconomicTimes)

This incident underscores the need for impartial investigations and measures to ensure the safety and security of all communities. The findings of the fact-finding committee have brought to light serious concerns regarding the handling of the situation by local authorities and the involvement of political figures in the unrest.(The Times of India)

Murshidabad Violence: BJP Alleges TMC Leaders Orchestrated Anti-Hindu Attacks

 

The Murshidabad riots, which occurred in April 2025 in West Bengal, led to significant loss of life and property, particularly affecting the Hindu community. Here’s a detailed account of the human and material toll:

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Human Casualties

• Total Deaths: 3 individuals were confirmed dead during the unrest. Among them were Haragobindo Das and his son Chandan Das, who were brutally murdered in their home in Jafrabad, Samserganj. They were found with multiple stab wounds, and their house was reportedly looted before the attack. (The New Indian Express)
• Injuries: At least 10 people sustained injuries, including gunshot wounds and bomb-related injuries. Two workers at a local bidi factory were among the injured. (The New Indian Express)

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Property Damage

• Homes Destroyed: 109 houses were reported damaged in the affected areas of Dhulian, Shamsherganj, and Suti. Victims reported that their homes were looted and set on fire, leaving them homeless. (Hindustan Times)
• Businesses and Livelihoods: Numerous Hindu-owned shops and establishments were targeted, looted, and destroyed. For example, a sweet shop owned by a Hindu couple was looted and set ablaze. Another establishment, ‘Sri Hari Hindu Hotel & Lodge,’ was also vandalized. (OpIndia)

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Displacement

• Internal Displacement: Over 400 individuals, including women and children, were displaced from their homes. They sought refuge in neighboring Malda district, crossing the Bhagirathi River to find safety. (Wikipedia)
• Return of Displaced Families: Approximately 293 families returned to their homes after assurances of safety and the presence of central forces. Authorities have pledged to assist in rebuilding their homes and restoring normalcy. (The Times of India)

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Legal and Political Reactions

• Arrests and Legal Actions: Over 300 individuals were arrested in connection with the violence. At least 60 FIRs were lodged, and investigations are ongoing. (Uni India, Wikipedia)
• Government Response: The Calcutta High Court directed the continuation of central force deployment in riot-hit areas to maintain law and order.
• Political Accusations: The BJP accused the Trinamool Congress (TMC) government of orchestrating anti-Hindu violence, citing a fact-finding report. The TMC denied these allegations and blamed external elements for the unrest. (The Times of India)

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For a visual overview of the events and aftermath, you can watch the following video:

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The Sandeshkhali incident in West Bengal’s North 24 Parganas district has drawn national attention due to serious allegations of systemic sexual abuse, political coercion, and administrative failure. Here’s a comprehensive overview of the events and their implications:(Business Standard)

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Overview of the Sandeshkhali Case

In early 2024, multiple women from Sandeshkhali accused local Trinamool Congress (TMC) leaders, notably Sheikh Shahjahan, Shibu Hazra, and Uttam Sardar, of systemic sexual assault and land grabbing. These allegations emerged following an Enforcement Directorate (ED) raid on Shahjahan’s residence, which was met with violent resistance. Subsequently, women came forward detailing years of abuse and intimidation by these leaders. (Wikipedia)

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Key Allegations and Developments

• Systemic Abuse: Women reported being summoned to TMC offices at odd hours, where they were subjected to sexual exploitation. The National Commission for Women (NCW) documented widespread fear and systemic abuse by both the police and TMC leaders in its fact-finding report. (PTI News)
• Arrests: Shibu Hazra and Uttam Sardar were arrested on charges including gang rape and sexual assault. Shahjahan Sheikh was apprehended after evading authorities for nearly two months. (Wikipedia, BBC)
• Retractions: In May 2024, two women retracted their rape allegations, claiming they were coerced by local BJP members into filing false complaints. These retractions intensified the political blame game between the TMC and BJP. (Newslaundry, www.ndtv.com)

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Political Ramifications

The incident has become a focal point in West Bengal’s political landscape:

• BJP’s Stance: The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) accused the TMC of shielding the accused and failing to protect the victims. Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the issue during his campaign, criticizing the state’s law and order situation. (BBC, The Times of India)
• TMC’s Response: The TMC alleged that the BJP fabricated the charges to tarnish its image ahead of elections. They claimed that the retractions proved the accusations were politically motivated. (Hindustan Times)

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Administrative and Legal Actions

• Investigations: The NCW’s report highlighted the oppressive environment in Sandeshkhali, citing testimonies of systemic abuse. (PTI News)
• Law Enforcement: Despite the gravity of the allegations, the West Bengal Police reported receiving only a few complaints, none of which mentioned sexual assault, raising concerns about the efficacy and impartiality of the investigations. (Deccan Herald)

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Conclusion

The Sandeshkhali case underscores the complexities of addressing systemic abuse in politically charged environments. The conflicting narratives, retractions, and political accusations have muddied the waters, making it challenging to ascertain the truth and deliver justice. The incident calls for impartial investigations, robust legal frameworks to protect victims, and a commitment from all political entities to uphold human rights and the rule of law.

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For a visual summary of the developments:

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A video circulating on social media claims to show tribal residents in Tripura, India, defending their land against alleged Bangladeshi intruders using bows and arrows. However, this video is not from Tripura and does not depict events related to cross-border infiltration.(India Today)

Fact-Check: Video Origin and Context

India Today’s Fact Check team investigated the video and found that it originates from Papua province in Indonesia, not Tripura. The footage was recorded in December 2024 during a political clash between supporters of rival candidates in the Intan Jaya Regency. The incident occurred in the Sugapa district, where traditional weapons like bows and arrows were used in a local election-related dispute .(India Today, India Today, TheQuint)

Current Situation in Tripura

While the viral video is unrelated to Tripura, the state has been experiencing heightened tensions regarding illegal immigration. On May 22, 2025, Tripura Police and the Border Security Force (BSF) detained 16 Bangladeshi nationals across three locations for illegally crossing the international border. These individuals were presented in court, and authorities are continuing their investigations .(The Times of India)

Tripura Chief Minister Manik Saha has emphasized the state’s commitment to preventing the entry of illegal immigrants from Bangladesh and Myanmar, stating that such individuals will not be allowed to settle in Tripura under any circumstances .(@EconomicTimes)

Conclusion

The video circulating online does not depict events in Tripura and is unrelated to the state’s current issues with illegal immigration. It is important to verify the authenticity of such videos before sharing them to prevent the spread of misinformation.(The Times of India)

Tripura Police and BSF Detain 16 Bangladeshi Nationals in Coordinated Border Operation

On May 22, 2025, a coordinated operation by the Border Security Force (BSF) and Tripura Police led to the detention of 16 Bangladeshi nationals across three locations in Tripura for illegally crossing the India-Bangladesh border.

Incident Overview

• Mohanpur Sub-Division (West Tripura District): BSF personnel apprehended nine individuals, including two children and two transgender persons, near the Manu Border Outpost. The detainees admitted to being Bangladeshi nationals and were subsequently presented in court. Their identities include Santosh Mallick, Elona Mallick, Dipul Sarkar, and others. The Times of India+1Social News XYZ+1

• Madhupur Area (Sepahijala District): Based on a tip-off, Tripura Police detained five members of the same family from Bangladesh’s Kurigram district. One detainee, Shahjala Khan, reportedly confessed that they were en route to Delhi. The Times of India+1Social News XYZ+1

• Belonia (South Tripura District): Police detained two suspected Bangladeshi nationals, Prantosh Chandra Sutradhar and Subha Das, from a stadium. They were produced before the court, and police remand was sought for further investigation. The Times of India

Additional Developments

In a separate incident, BSF personnel seized contraband items, including foreign cigarettes worth ₹50 lakh, from Srinagar in South Tripura district on May 21, 2025.

BSF Strengthens Border Vigilance in Tripura: 14 Bangladeshis Arrested, Narcotics Worth ₹2.5 Crore Seized

On February 1, 2025, the Border Security Force (BSF) intensified its operations along the India-Bangladesh border in Tripura, leading to significant seizures and arrests.

Key Developments:

• Arrests: The BSF apprehended 14 Bangladeshi nationals and two Indian touts involved in illegal cross-border activities. Deccan Herald+3Republic World+3Hindustan Times+3

• Seizures: A substantial quantity of narcotics, sugar, cattle, and other contraband items, valued at approximately ₹2.5 crore, was seized during these operations. northeasttoday.in+6The Indian Express+6Hindustan Times+6

• Coordinated Patrols: In collaboration with the Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB), the BSF conducted around 80 coordinated patrols and held over 40 village coordination meetings to enhance border security and address local concerns. Deccan Herald+4India Today NE+4The Indian Express+4

• Anti-Drug Initiatives: The BSF, in joint operations with other agencies, destroyed over 1 lakh mature cannabis plants cultivated illegally on approximately 60 acres of land, as part of efforts to combat drug trafficking. Deccan Herald+3The Indian Express+3Republic World+3

These actions underscore the BSF’s commitment to securing the border and curbing illegal activities in the region.

In a deeply troubling incident from Karnataka’s Haveri district, seven men accused in a 2024 gang-rape case were released on bail on May 20, 2025. Their release was followed by a public celebration that has sparked widespread outrage.(The Times of India, The Times of India)

Incident Overview

The accused were part of a group of 19 individuals arrested for allegedly assaulting a Muslim woman and a Hindu man after they checked into a lodge in Haveri. The assault reportedly targeted the couple due to their interfaith relationship. The seven men granted bail were identified as Aftab Chandanakatti, Madar Saab Mandakki, Samiwulla Lalanavar, Mohammad Sadiq Agasimani, Shoib Mulla, Tausif Choti, and Riyaz Savikeri. (The Indian Express, The Times of India)

Upon their release, supporters organized a celebratory procession in Akki Alur, Haveri. The event featured over 25 vehicles, including cars and motorcycles, blaring music and chanting slogans. One of the accused was seen standing through a car’s sunroof, flashing victory signs. Banners reading “Bhai Log Release” were displayed, and the procession was accompanied by cheers from the crowd. (Hindustan Times, The Times of India, mint, The Indian Express)

Public Outrage and Legal Action

The celebratory nature of the procession drew immediate condemnation from various quarters. Videos of the event went viral on social media, prompting the Haveri police to take swift action. Superintendent of Police Anshu Kumar stated that a case was registered against the accused for unlawful assembly and creating a public nuisance. Subsequently, four of the accused—Samiulla Lalanavar, Mohammad Sadiq Agasimani, Shoib Mulla, and Riyaz Savikeri—were re-arrested. Authorities are reportedly seeking to cancel the bail granted to all seven individuals. (The Indian Express, www.ndtv.com)

Societal Implications

This incident has raised serious concerns about societal attitudes toward sexual violence and the glorification of individuals accused of such heinous crimes. The public celebration not only undermines the gravity of the allegations but also potentially re-traumatizes the victim and survivors of sexual violence. It highlights the need for greater sensitivity and responsibility in handling such cases, both legally and within the community.(The Times of India)

The case continues to unfold, with authorities taking steps to address the legal and social ramifications of this disturbing event.

For a visual overview of the incident, you may refer to the following video:

In the aftermath of the Pahalgam terror attack in April 2025, Indian security agencies have intensified their counter-espionage operations, leading to the arrest of several individuals across the country for allegedly spying for Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). These arrests span various states and involve individuals from diverse backgrounds, highlighting the extensive reach and sophistication of the espionage network.

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1. Jyoti Malhotra (Hisar, Haryana)

• Profile: Travel blogger and YouTuber known for her channel “Desi-Indo-Joe.”
• Arrest Details: Arrested in May 2025 under the Official Secrets Act and Section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. Authorities allege she was in contact with ISI-linked individuals and was being developed as a Pakistani asset. Investigations revealed she maintained communication with Pakistani handlers during sensitive security operations, including Operation Sindoor. (@EconomicTimes)

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2. Palak Sher Masih and Suraj Masih (Amritsar, Punjab)

• Profile: Daily-wage laborers with a history of substance abuse.
• Arrest Details: Arrested on May 3, 2025, for allegedly leaking sensitive information, including photographs of military installations and troop movements in Amritsar, to Pakistani intelligence operatives. They were reportedly in contact with Harpreet Singh, an inmate in Amritsar Central Jail, who facilitated their communication with Pakistani handlers.

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3. Pathan Khan (Jaisalmer, Rajasthan)

• Profile: Resident of Jaisalmer district.
• Arrest Details: Arrested on May 1, 2025, for allegedly spying for Pakistan’s ISI. He had visited Pakistan in 2013, where he was reportedly lured with money and trained for espionage activities. Khan continued to share sensitive information related to the Jaisalmer International Border with Pakistani handlers even after his initial visit.

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4. Sahdavsinh Gohil (Kutch, Gujarat)

• Profile: 28-year-old health worker.
• Arrest Details: Arrested by the Gujarat Anti-Terrorist Squad in May 2025 for allegedly spying for Pakistan. This case marks the third arrest related to espionage in the coastal districts of Gujarat since October of the previous year, indicating a concerning pattern of security breaches in the region. (@EconomicTimes)

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5. CRPF Jawan (Name Withheld)

• Profile: Member of the Central Reserve Police Force.
• Arrest Details: On May 26, 2025, a Delhi court granted the National Investigation Agency custody of the jawan, who had been arrested on charges of espionage. He is accused of leaking sensitive information to intelligence officers from Pakistan in exchange for monetary compensation. (The Times of India)

As of now, no publicly available photographs or identifying details of the CRPF jawan arrested in May 2025 for allegedly leaking sensitive information to Pakistan’s intelligence officers have been released by authorities or media outlets. Due to the sensitive nature of the case and ongoing investigations, the identity of the jawan remains undisclosed.

According to reports, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) took custody of the jawan following his arrest on charges of espionage. The court granted the NIA 15-day custody to gather further details regarding the information passed on by the jawan and his links across the border.

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6. Additional Arrests Across Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh

 In a broader crackdown, Indian security agencies have arrested several individuals, including a businessman named Shahzad and student Devendra Singh Dhillon, for allegedly being part of an ISI-operated espionage network. The suspects are accused of roles ranging from spying and aiding enemy operations to facilitating cross-border smuggling. Authorities traced part of the network through the use of a mobile app, leading to multiple arrests across Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.

These arrests underscore the heightened vigilance and counter-espionage efforts by Indian authorities in the wake of the Pahalgam attack. The involvement of individuals from diverse backgrounds and regions indicates a widespread network of espionage activities aimed at compromising India’s national security. The coordination between local operatives and Pakistani handlers highlights the sophisticated methods employed in these espionage operations.

The Indian government continues to investigate these cases to uncover the full extent of the espionage network and prevent future security breaches.

Other Notable Cases In Recent Years

Sharjeel Imam: No Espionage Charges

Sharjeel Imam, a Ph.D. student from Jawaharlal Nehru University, was arrested in January 2020 on charges of sedition related to inflammatory speeches during anti-CAA protests. While he has faced legal proceedings for his speeches, there is no public record or credible information linking him to espionage activities or spying for Pakistan.

• Madhuri Gupta: An Indian diplomat arrested in 2010 for allegedly passing sensitive information to Pakistan’s ISI. Wikipedia

• Sarabjit Singh: An Indian national convicted of terrorism and espionage by a Pakistani court, though his case remains controversial with claims of mistaken identity. Wikipedia

These cases highlight the ongoing challenges in safeguarding national security and the diverse methods employed in espionage activities.